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[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]

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Live Text Access:
Training for real-time intralingual subtitlers

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Unit 2. Linguistic competence

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Element 1. Functionality:
Accuracy, readability and legibility.

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Non-verbal elements.
Created by UAB

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The learning outcomes
for this unit

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are to identify when non-verbal elements
need to be described.

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and to produce legible
and readable transcriptions

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while creating the transcripts
for the live situation.

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In this video lecture
we will deal with the following points:

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Non-verbal elements

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Speakers identification

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Paralinguistic features,
Music

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and at the end of the lecture
a summary will be provided.

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Non-verbal elements

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Importance of information.

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According to Neves:
"offering information

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such as speakers identification,
sound effects, music

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or paralinguistic information,
it means giving more rather than less."

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Language needs to be manipulated
to accomodate technical constrains,

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such as space or font size
and shape

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according to the textual features
of the working context.

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Speaker identification,
paralinguistic features and music

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are relevant elements
that should be provided to our audience

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and adapted to each working context

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as different settings
will require different needs.

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Speakers identification

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The real-time intralingual subtitler
is responsible for identifying speakers.

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There are two main methods
to identify a speaker.

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Colours and labels.

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It will mainly depend
on the working context

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and also the country
in which the subtitling is provided

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in terms of colours white, yellow, cyan
and green are common colours used

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for speaker identification
in many countries

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and mainly for the TV
working context.

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In other working contexts
such as conferences and parliaments

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it is more common the use of labels

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in which the name of the speaker
it is inserted usually in brackets

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and capital letters.

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In some cases the use of dashes
or hypens

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might be used to indicate
the speakers' change

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Paralinguistic features.

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Paralinguistic features.

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Paralinguistic features include
accent, pronunciation, intonation

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vocal non-verbal information
and pauses and hesitations.

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These features may also be included
if they are significant for the viewer.

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Accents and pronunciation

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Some paralinguistic features
are accents and pronunciation

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that in some cases might cause
an added problem

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to the real-time intralingual subtitler

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due to a very close accent,
the use of a localism

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or the use of non standard words
such as "gotcha" or "kinda"

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but this information might be relevant
to convey the message of the speaker

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and must be indicated

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according to Zárate

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it is worth bearing in mind
that reading the words

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with an indication of their pronunciation
is not something we normally do

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so it might require
some extra reading time

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Intonation

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In terms of intonation it is important
to convey the meaning to the audience

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as in some cases loud speech,
sarcasm or lyrics

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might be important to understand
the intended message of the source text

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these features should be subtitled

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when the professional
considers them important

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and they are conveyed exclusively
through the voice

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without any visual reference

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Non-verbal sounds

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Vocal non-verbal sounds
are those produced by a human voice

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and are non-verbal such as coughing,
crying or laughing

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the use of the simple present tense
to subtitle sounds

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follows conventional
grammar principles

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Non-vocal sounds linked to action
can be an applause

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which should also be indicated
in the subtitle.

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Pauses and hesitation

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In real-time intralingual subtitling
is often the case that the speaker

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does not follow a proper path

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and pauses and hesitations
often interrupt the flow of speech

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specially in spontaneous speeches.

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In the case of hesitations,
the use of three dots

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between and within words
might be used

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also for sentences
that remain unfinished.

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This is specially the case
for verbatim subtitles

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also in the case of stutters

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which may have
a corresponding orthographic transcription

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in the form of an interjection
like hum.

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In the case of sensatim
or edited subtitles

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the use of three dots
and stutters might be omitted

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but if a sentence remains unfinished

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it is recommended to include
three dots at the end

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otherwise the audience may think
that they are losing some information

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Music

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Music

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Real-time intralingual subtitlers
need to make music

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accessible to the audience.

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The importance of music
is generally underestimated

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perhaps there is a misconception

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that Deaf and HoH audiences
do not enjoy music

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but they might perceive music
in a different manner.

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The inclusion of the name
of the instrument

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or the style in the descriptive label

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is often adviced
if the artist is unknown.

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In the case of a famous song

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it might be better to indicate the style,
the name of the song

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and/or the name of the group.

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Summary

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As a summary we would like to stress
the following points

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First, offering non-verbal information
to the viewers

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means more rather than less.

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Second,
language needs to be manipulated

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to transfer the non-verbal elements
of the source text.

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Third, speakers identification,
paralinguistic features and music

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are essential for some users.

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Exercises

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The exercises for this video lecture
are in the Trainer's Guide

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and in the PowerPoint file.

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[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]